He noted that the extra violence inflicted on many of the corpses "was not random at all, but patterned after the rites of the Catholic culture that had given birth to it". [75] By this period the Massacre was being widely used by Voltaire (in his Henriade) and other Enlightenment writers in polemics against organized religion in general. [34] In some cities the massacres were led by the mob, while the city authorities tried to suppress them, and in others small groups of soldiers and officials began rounding up Protestants with little mob involvement. [81][pageneeded], According to Jean-Louis Bourgeon, the violently anti-Huguenot city of Paris was really responsible. [33] Apparently genuine letters from the Duke of Anjou, the king's younger brother, did urge massacres in the king's name; in Nantes the mayor fortunately held on to his without publicising it until a week later when contrary orders from the king had arrived. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Admiral Gaspard II de Coligny, a Huguenot leader, supported a war in the Low Countries against Spain as a means to prevent a resumption of civil war, a plan that the French king, Charles IX, was coming to approve in the summer of 1572. Chnier was able to put his principles into practice as a politician, voting for the execution of Louis XVI and many others, perhaps including his brother Andr Chnier. Even within the Louvre, Navarres attendants were slaughtered, though Navarre and Henry I de Bourbon, 2nd prince de Cond, were spared. [62], Diplomatic correspondence was readier than published polemics to recognise the unplanned and chaotic nature of the events,[63] which also emerged from several accounts in memoirs published over the following years by witnesses to the events at court, including the famous Memoirs of Margaret of Valois, the only eye-witness account of the massacre from a member of the royal family. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day . Read and study old-school with our bound texts. The Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. According to Denis Crouzet, Charles IX feared a Protestant uprising, and chose to strangle it at birth to protect his power. Paperback. cuius regio, eius religio Holt speculated this entailed "between two and three dozen noblemen" who were still in Paris. The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572) The Catholic Reformation A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus B. The Massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, Aug. 24, 1572 As recorded by statesman and historian, De Thou (1553-1617), who was a witness to the events on St. Bartholomew Day as a youth. According to Thierry Wanegffelen, the member of the royal family with the most responsibility in this affair is Henry, Duke of Anjou, the king's ambitious younger brother. Mark Twain described the massacre in "From the Manuscript of 'A Tramp Abroad' (1879): The French and the Comanches", an essay about "partly civilized races". The impending marriage led to the gathering of a large number of well-born Protestants in Paris but Paris was a violently anti-Huguenot city, and Parisians, who tended to be extreme Catholics, found their presence unacceptable. [citation needed] Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. A 1966 serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who entitled The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve is set during the events leading up to the Paris massacre. [82][pageneeded]. Though by no means unique, the bloodletting "was the worst of the century's religious massacres". The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of Frances civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. 34. For Le Monde, Youness Bousenna interviews Jrmie Foa, current Member in the School of Historical Studies, about his book on the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre:. From The Religious Peace of Augsburg, Reform in the Catholic World The second round, England : Anglicans vs. Catholics The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) The Peace of Augsburg (1555) [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. According to 10 United States Code 2784, which two of the following could result from a Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Program violation? 2nd Luxemburg; Fontaine-Franaise; Ham; Le Catelet; Doullens; Cambrai; Calais; La Fre; Ardres; Amiens. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. She accordingly gave her approval to a plot that the Roman Catholic house of Guise had been hatching to assassinate Coligny, whom it held responsible for the murder of Franois de Guise in 1563. Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 was still ready to endorse a version of this view, describing the massacres as "an entirely political act committed in the name of the immoral principles of Machiavellianism" and blaming "the pagan theories of a certain raison d'tat according to which the end justified the means". 136, Alexander the Great and the Limits of Conquest 150, Hellenistic Architecture in the Near East (c. 175 C.E.) The Guises were not prepared to make way for their rivals, the House of Montmorency. 127132, The range of estimates available in the mid-19th century, with other details, are summarized by the Huguenot statesman and historian, Lincoln, p. 97 (a "bare minimum of 2,000" in Paris), and, Howe, E. "Architecture in Vasari's 'Massacre of the Huguenots',". Oil on panel, 94 154 cm; Cantonal Museum of Lausanne. 1,293 solutions. Mons; Sommires; Sancerre; La Rochelle, War of the Three Henrys (158589) Coutras; Vimory; Day of the Barricades, Succession of Henry IV of France (158994) 2013, St Bartholomew's Day Massacre in the Provinces, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "From Marriage to Massacre: The Louvre in August 1572", "Gaspard II de Coligny, seigneur de Chtillon | French admiral and Huguenot leader | Britannica", "Le massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy: l'obsession de la souillure hrtique", The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda, The Cambridge Modern History Volume III: Wars of Religion, Russia self-condemned, secret and inedited documents connected with Russian history and diplomacy, "Vigil Address of the Holy Father John Paul II", "The Doctor Who Transcripts The Massacre of St Bartholomew's Eve", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre&oldid=1151357161, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Articles needing additional references from November 2017, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, France articles missing geocoordinate data, Articles missing coordinates without coordinates on Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556) Gaspard de Coligny a Huguenot leader, was the trigger that made the events of St. Bartholomews Day Massacre in 1572. St. Bartholomew's Day massacre; File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg; File usage on other wikis. [32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. 1) Funds must be available to cover the check value and the bank's processing fee 2) The Cardholder can dispute a. They forced the hand of a hesitant and weak-willed king in the decision of that particular execution. [101] Millais was inspired to create the painting after seeing Meyerbeer's Les Huguenots. [83][pageneeded], Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. On August 26, the king and court established the official version of events by going to the Paris Parlement. 1) Purchase valued. [76] The question of whether the massacre had long been premeditated was not entirely settled until the late 19th century by which time a consensus was reached that it was not.[77][78][79]. Garrison, pp. [51], Pope Gregory XIII also commissioned the artist Giorgio Vasari to paint three frescos in the Sala Regia depicting the wounding of Coligny, his death, and Charles IX before Parliament, matching those commemorating the defeat of the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571). In his Histoire vritable de la ville de Lyon, the memorialist and former consul (town councillor) Claude de Rubys devoted just a few lines to the events of late August 1572, when the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres had reached Lyon. Fast Facts: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Event Name: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 34. Elizabeth (queen of England, 1558-1603) D. Priests in the countryside "Jean-Antoine de Baf and the Saint-Barthlemy", Anglo, 229; See also: Butterfield, H. "Acton and the Massacre of St Bartholomew,", The first occurrence of the royal injunction is found late in, Anglo, p. 283, see also the whole chapter. B. Anjou's supposed account was the source of the quotation attributed to Charles IX: "Well then, so be it! Body counts relating to other payments are computed from this. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief history with documents, A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. [45] At the higher end are total figures of up to 20,000,[46] or 30,000 in total, from "a contemporary, non-partisan guesstimate" quoted by the historians Felipe Fernndez-Armesto and D. The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.[70]. 130, Chapter 4 The Greek World Expands, 400-150 B.C.E. Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. Some cities unaffected by the violence nevertheless witnessed a sharp decline in their Huguenot population. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . The start of the massacre can be traced to familial, and religious, origins. Like Coligny, most potential candidates for elimination were accompanied by groups of gentlemen who served as staff and bodyguards, so murdering them would also have involved killing their retainers as a necessity. Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . Summary: A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. ), p. 95, citing Benedict (2004), pp. Ignatius of Loyola, from The Spiritual Exercises The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre, Marguerite de Valois (Constance Talmadge), Admiral Coligny (Joseph Henabery), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. Under the terms of the peace, and after considerable popular resistance, this had been removed in December 1571 (and re-erected in a cemetery), which had already led to about 50 deaths in riots, as well as mob destruction of property. Three of her sons were kings of France . Amongst other things, Catherine reportedly feared that Coligny's influence would drag France into a war with Spain over the Netherlands. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the Gallican monarchy itself". After all, she was originally involved in a plan to kill only one person, not thousands. Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period. According to Reuters and the Associated Press, at a late-night vigil, with the hundreds of thousands of young people who were in Paris for the celebrations, he made the following comments: "On the eve of Aug. 24, we cannot forget the sad massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, an event of very obscure causes in the political and religious history of France. On August 20, he left the capital and retired to Chantilly. On the evening of 23 August, Catherine went to see the king to discuss the crisis. 1. The Catholic response to a Huguenot plot / Claude Haton (1572) -- 18. FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacy in northern Italy, which marked the last half of the fif- teenth century, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that would be fundamental to relations among all modern states. 9395 for a different emphasis. or for his suggestion that there was a direct connection between these ill-gotten gains and the massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day. Kill them! B. God grant that he may not, be caught up in another which he cannot avoid, this controversial saying by Admiral. [8] The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". Political Responses . The United States ambassador to Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is the official representative of the government of the United States to the government of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.The ambassador is the United States ambassador to Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean, resident in Bridgetown, Barbados, and is concurrently the ambassador to Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada . The St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre was a wave of mob violence directed against the French Protestant (Huguenot) minority by the Catholic majority. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Shortly after this decision, the municipal authorities of Paris were summoned. A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus [55] On the other hand, the Holy Roman Emperor, Maximilian II, King Charles's father-in-law, was sickened, describing the massacre as a "shameful bloodbath". [57] Protestant countries were horrified at the events, and only the concentrated efforts of Catherine's ambassadors, including a special mission by Gondi, prevented the collapse of her policy of remaining on good terms with them. Turning to the queen, Admiral de Coligny said, "Madame, the king refuses to involve himself . A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. The tasks of a permanent ambassador were to represent his government at state ceremonies, to gather information, and, occasionally, to enter negotiations. Term At the low end are figures of about 2,000 in Paris[41] and 3,000 in the provinces, the latter figure an estimate by Philip Benedict in 1978. The massacre caused a "major international crisis". 89102, quotation from p. 102, Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violated Motherhood, Female Militancy and 33. Christians did things which the Gospel condemns. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . A 1440 tax survey of aliens indicates they made up 2%. 5, From Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Urim 6, Letters of Royal Women of the Old Babylonian Period 27, Chapter 2 Peoples, Cods, and Empires, 1700-500 B.C.E. Traditionally believed to have been instigated by Queen Catherine de' Medici, the mother of King Charles IX,[2] the massacre started a few days after the marriage on 18 August of the king's sister Margaret to the Protestant King Henry III of Navarre. All the best people took a hand in it, the King and the Queen Mother included."[102]. How Did the Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day Start? All rights reserved. The would-be assassin, most likely Charles de Louviers, Lord of Maurevert[17](c. 15051583), escaped in the ensuing confusion. [59], The massacre "spawned a pullulating mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias". 7879; Calvin's book was "Praelectiones in librum prophetiarum Danielis", Geneva and, Garrisson, pp. Essay Question, Category A Giovanni Michiel, "A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre," Perspectives From the Past, pp 484-486.1) After reading Michiel's account, who do you think who is responsible for the St. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. [10], The court itself was extremely divided. 30. Report by the merchants' provost (Aug. 23, 1572) -- 19. This was the fourth civil war, and centred about a few fortified towns, such as La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nmes. Madame, the king refuses to involve himself in one war. Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. 1st Edition ISBN: 9780547034997 Dahia Ibo Shabaka, Larry S. Krieger, Linda Black, Phillip C. Naylor, Roger B. Beck. [69] The most extreme of these writers was Camilo Capilupi, a papal secretary, whose work insisted that the whole series of events since 1570 had been a masterly plan conceived by Charles IX, and carried through by frequently misleading his mother and ministers as to his true intentions. [50] The pope ordered a Te Deum to be sung as a special thanksgiving (a practice continued for many years after) and had a medal struck with the motto Ugonottorum strages 1572 (Latin: "Overthrow (or slaughter) of the Huguenots 1572") showing an angel bearing a cross and a sword before which are the felled Protestants. 154, The Jewish Encounter with Hellenism: The Maccabees' Rebellion 161, Chapter 5 The Civilization of Ancient Rome 169, A Mummy from the Time of the roman empire (100 C.E.) The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Review and, 1.Which printmaking process is the most direct for translating the gestures of the hand? Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day, massacre of French Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris on August 24/25, 1572, plotted by Catherine de Medici and carried out by Roman Catholic nobles and other citizens. On August 18, 1572, Catherines daughter, Margaret of France (Marguerite de Valois), was married to the Huguenot Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France), and a large part of the Huguenot nobility came to Paris for the wedding. We are happy to offer free Achieve access in addition to the physical sample you have selected. Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes (1598). This serial is missing from the BBC archives and survives only in audio form. 81, Hippocrates From On Airs, Waters, and Places 93, Herodotus From The Histories: The Second Persian Invasion of Greece 100, Thucydides From The Peloponnesian Wars 106, Vase Depicting a Slave, Perhaps in a Scene from a Greek Play (c. 450 B.C.E.) Nowhere was this system more fully and expertly articulated than by the Republic of Venice in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. ", This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 14:41. Ordinary lay Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and of God. Bloodshed continued in Paris even after a royal order of August 25 to stop the killing, and it spread to the provinces. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family: The traditional interpretation makes Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. For work more useful in explaining the nature and causes of popular . From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political motivations which lead to this savage action. [85] Diefendorf says that when the head of the murdered Coligny was shown to the Paris mob by a member of the nobility, with the claim that it was the King's will, the die was cast. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. Sample this version now as opposed to waiting for the physical edition. 32. Family feuds and confessional choices Omissions? For the, Attempted assassination of Admiral de Coligny, Holt (2005), pp. Essay Questions:Bartholomew's Day Massacre? However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou; Chancellor Birague; the duke of Nevers, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). The future Pope Gregory served as a legate to Philip II of Spain, being sent by Pope Pius V to investigate the Cardinal of Toledo. Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World [91] Viewed as a threat to the social and political order, Holt argues that "Huguenots not only had to be exterminated that is, killed they also had to be humiliated, dishonoured, and shamed as the inhuman beasts they were perceived to be. [37] It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 78% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of Louis XIV, culminating with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.[38]. The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to Pope Gregory XIII, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a Golden Rose. He stayed in Paris for three days and made eleven speeches. The massacre began in the night of 2324 August 1572, the eve of the feast of Bartholomew the Apostle, two days after the attempted assassination of Admiral Gaspard de Coligny, the military and political leader of the Huguenots. This traditional interpretation has been largely abandoned by some modern historians including, among others, Janine Garrisson. The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 .