Students conduct research on issues and interests by generating ideas and questions, and by posing problems. Peer Response Handout: Students use this worksheet to examine and answer questions regarding their peer's essay. MERCIECA: Absolutely. Despite the now-known election outcome, the candidates use of language during the primary season raises some pertinent research questions. Students apply a wide range of strategies to comprehend, interpret, evaluate, and appreciate texts. 2. SHAPIRO: Tell us about the significance of that, those actual physical threats. Here, rhetoric is defined as the art of effective and persuasive speaking, the way to motivate an audience, while language style is presented as pervasive and frequent forms used by an author for mainly esthetical value (Biber and Conrad, 2009). In a related study using a training corpus, Laver et al. Reagan achieves this by using parallelism, great diction choices, and . The candidates who stayed longer in this campaign have a clear preference for the I over the we. Even if Hillarys candidature appeared more natural, she needed to convince the Democrats and their sympathizers that she was the right person who can win the general election. A better solution is to apply a clustering method (e.g. Currently, the preference goes to a shorter formulation, simpler to understand for the audience. Note. Rhetorical Analysis: Compare and Contrast Four Speeches on Civil Rights Common Core Standards Purpose: The following four speeches explore the tensions found within the American ideals of individual liberty and universal equality. The sentence boundaries are defined by the POS tagger (Toutanova et al., 2003) and correspond to strong punctuation symbols (namely, periods, question, and exclamation marks). To avoid this problem, a better computation is provided in (Covington and McFall, 2010) or (Popescu, 2009), suggesting taking the moving average of TTR. Note. Rhetoric is a useful strategy to utilize in speech making. Extreme values are depicted in bold. Like to punch him in the face, I'll tell you. Warm-Up Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidential Speeches Lesson Question Lesson Goals? 1. This could include a speech from a United States president or other political figures, a leader of a movement such as Susan B. Anthony or Martin Luther King Jr., or a more modern speech like a . Included on this site is audio of famous speeches of the 20th century, as well as information about the speeches and background information on the writers. Similar research has been conducted with other languages, such as Italian (Pauli and Tuzzi, 2009). Writing a rhetorical analysis essay is a bit different from other essay types. On the other hand, Clinton could want to accentuate the human aspect and uses in this case the word immigrants. For some people, she was even a crook and a liar, or, at least, dishonest (Sainato, 2016). jobs/nns job/nn) or by substituting inflectional suffixes of verbs (e.g. A presidential electoral process can be positioned around one person or around a few issues (or programs). From a stylistic point of view, the Republican cluster {Bush, Cruz, Rubio} is well separated from the second Republican group {Kasich, Trump, and with a smaller additional distance Paul} as well as for the Democrats {Clinton, OMalley, Sanders}. Barack Obama Inauguration Speech 2009: Analysis - StudyCorgi.com And what I mean by that is he took advantage of preexisting distrust and polarization and frustration, and he used rhetorical strategies that were designed to make all of those things worse. In the Republican party, the federal debt is debated by Rubio, and marginally by Kasich, and Paul. Traditionally, teachers have encouraged students to engage with and interpret literaturenovels, poems, short stories, and plays. 4 0 obj the Congress) and these studies are mainly grounded on the written form. 25 Examples of Rhetorical Strategies in Famous Speeches happy, truly, win), and the future tense. Discuss the audience and the authors manipulation of the audience. Bushs speech to children in 1991, and Ronald Reagans speech to children in 1988. Rhetorical Analysis Of Prince Earl Spencer's Eulogy For Diana Nikki Giovanni's poem "The Funeral of Martin Luther King, Jr." is paired with Dr. King's "I Have a Dream" speech, taking students on a quest through time to the Civil Rights movement. Getting to Know You: Developing Short Biographies to Build Community, Phonic Generalizations in Chrysanthemum, My World of Words: Building Vocabulary Lists, The Day Jimmy's Boa Taught Cause and Effect, Literary Scrapbooks Online: An Electronic Reader-Response Project, background and information sheet for teachers, 10-minute clip of a contemporary presidential speech, Queen Elizabeths speech to the troops at Tilbury. After peer response has taken place, use the. h-point and most frequently used thematic words per candidate. The top ten most frequent lemmas according to TV debates. Rhetorical Analysis Essay Two: Speeches by US Presidents Purpose: The purpose of this assignment is for you to write a rhetorical analysis of two speeches. From a topical perspective, our analysis generates a map showing the affinities between candidates. Pataki (R), Jindal (R), Lessig (D)) or just appear in one (e.g. President Abraham Lincoln, in his inaugural address, addresses the topic of the civil war and its effects on the nation and argues that America could be unified once more. What did the author have to keep in mind when composing the text? Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. By exploring myths and truths surrounding Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, students think critically about commonly believed stories regarding this famous speech from the Civil War era. In this study, P0 corresponds to all comments by a given candidate, while P1 denotes all other comments and remarks. endobj From a stylistic point of view, this corpus is homogenous, corresponding to an oral communication form, extracted from a short period of time, and with the same main objectives (convincing the people, answering questions, presenting their ideas and solutions). Abstract: This paper analyzes President Obama's rhetoric in his two inaugural addresses in order to determine how his presidential rhetoric conforms and violates current rhetorical traditions in inaugural addresses. With this foundation, even if you are just starting out, you can become . Which phrases from the excerpt include loaded words intended to evoke a sense of fear? Given a sentence as input, this system is able to add the corresponding POS tag to each token. head, ache, sleep). I, me). Trumps topics are relatively similar to those presented by Kasich and, with some distance, with those exposed by Paul. Students then evaluate the impact of the Explain. Rhetorical Analysis Of Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address Unit 1 Rhetorical Analysis Essay Assignment. You may wish to share information from the ReadWriteThink.org lesson. Using the maximum likelihood principle, this probability is estimated as p(ti) = (tfi0 + tfi1)/n. The beginning finished goods inventory was 25,000 units at$310,000. analyze a speech for rhetorical devices and their purpose. Another element of rhetorical analysis is simply reading and summarizing the text. To achieve this objective, this study analyzes the oral communication forms used by the candidates during the TV debates. Obama stated many things in his speech, which Clark states related to four rhetorical strategies: The power of allusion, parallelism, the "two-ness" of texture, and autobiography. Our first analysis considers the most frequent lemmas occurring in the oral interventions of the candidates during the TV debates of the primaries. To generate Fig. I think that Joe Biden will be a much more responsible communicator than President Trump has been, and so we'll see if that sort of evens things out. SHAPIRO: When you look in total at the changes that Trump has brought to presidential rhetoric, what do you see as the cumulative effect, especially right now when the U.S. is in a public health emergency, a reckoning about race and an inability to even agree on basic facts, like vaccines work or Biden won a free and fair election? The third longest distance (0.467) can be found between Cruz and OMalley. If time permits, discuss how politicians and speech writers employ rhetorical strategies to influence the opinions of their audience members. Table 4 confirms that Trump owns a style very distinct than the others. What is Speech Analysis? Les mots qui nous gouvernent. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com, This article is published and distributed under the terms of the Oxford University Press, Standard Journals Publication Model (, I would I had that corporal soundness: Pervez Rizvi's Analysis of the Word Adjacency Network Method of Authorship Attribution, Provenance visualization: Tracing people, processes, and practices through a data-driven approach to provenance, Proverbs as indicators of proficiency for art-generating AI, A new approach for the construction of historical databasesNoSQL Document-oriented databases: the example of AtlantoCracies, The Digital Reading Condition. They then analyze the suggestions made by Galbraith and Stevenson and compare them to the delivered version of the speech. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. Photo by Rowland Scherman. The appeal to political sentiment: An analysis of Donald Trump's and Hillary Clinton's speech themes and discourse strategies in the 2016 US presidential election. 6.4 Rhetorical Appeals: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos Defined A text or a dialogue with a high percentage of BW tends to be more complex to understand. This assignment requires students to look for those elements. Their analysis will consider questions such as What makes the speech an argument?, How did the author's rhetoric evoke a response from the audience?, and Why are the words still venerated today? A relatively high LD percentage indicates a more complex text, containing more information. tweets, blogs, chats) was used by OConnor et al. Verified answer. Nominated by the Democrats (28 July 2016), Hillary Clinton always appeared as a cold woman, a member of the political establishment rejected by many people. The same feature can be assigned to Sanders. As depicted in Figs 1 and 2, Cruz represents a distinctive fraction of the Republican party. Analysis, Pages 4 (864 words) Views. From the set of the ten most over-used terms corresponding to H. Clinton depicted in Table 6, the first following sentence contains four (Senator, Sanders, to, I). SHAPIRO: Jennifer Mercieca of Texas A&M University, author of "Demagogue For President: The Rhetorical Genius Of Donald Trump.". Ask students to consider how the author manipulates the audience using tone, diction, and stylistic devices. <> MERCIECA: You see them respond. and appeals before you start. What is Reagan's main purpose in this passage? Unsurprisingly, the article the and the verb be (lemma of the word types am, is, are, was, etc.) The word debt appears in some utterances, but mainly in the context of the education debt for the Democrats. O to highlight differences between opposing sides. <> So the way you do it is you pass a tax plan like the tax plan I've introduced: a simple flat tax, 10 percent for individuals, and a 16 percent business flat tax, you abolish the IRS and here's the critical point, Maria, the business flat tax enables us to abolish the corporate income tax, the death tax, the Obamacare taxes, the payroll taxes, and they're border-adjustable, so every export pays no taxes whatsoever. (T. Cruz, 14 January 2016), And I'll tell you, Hugh you know, it's interesting now that Donald promises that he will appoint justices who who will defend religious liberty, but this is a man who, for 40 years, has given money to Jimmy Carter, to Joe Biden, to Hillary Clinton, to Chuck Schumer, to Harry Reid. (T. Cruz, 25 February 2016). Using the transcripts of the TV debates, the LD values vary from 36.6% (Trump) to 44.6% (Cruz). This investigation results in the presence of three distinct groups of candidates, the first one with the Democrats (Clinton, OMalley, and Sanders), the second with three Republicans (Bush, Cruz, Rubio), and the last with the duo Trump and Kasich, with, at a small distance, Paul. What our Words Say about us, The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Comparative evaluation of term selection functions for authorship attribution, Vocabulary growth study: an example with the, Recent Contributions to Quantitative Linguistics, Winning words: individual differences in linguistic style among U.S. Presidential and Vice Presidential candidates, A survey of modern authorship attribution methods, Journal of the American Society for Information Science & Technology, Twitter language use to reflects psychological differences between democrats and republicans, The psychological meaning of words: LIWC and computerized text analysis methods, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, What to put in the bag? More than half the articles published by rhetorical critics during this period concern a single presidential speech. What Are Rhetorical Strategies? (With Examples) - Zippia MERCIECA: And those are ways of, you know, attacking in the moment but also signaling to his followers that no one should trust the media. Traditionally, teachers have encouraged students to engage with and interpret literaturenovels, poems, short stories, and plays. Webb (D)) or two debates (e.g. Steve Jobs Commencement Speech: Rhetorical Appeals. PDF Analyzing the Rhetoric of JFK's Inaugural Address Then, they can share some of their thinking about the argumentative structure and rhetorical devices used to make the speech effective. (4) Analyzing Rhetorical Strategies in Presidential Speeches According to several overall stylistic indicators, candidate Trump clearly adopted a simple and direct communication style, avoiding complex formulation and vocabulary. Allow students to read and/or perform parts of the speeches out loud. Make sure your introduction includes a thesis sentence or purpose and previews the main points covered in the body. Listeners should keep in mind the context of the situation involving the delivery and the audience-but a keen observer should also pay close attention to the elements of argument within the text. Assignment Analysis - Excelsior OWL Democratic presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956. Founded in 1807, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. has been a valued source of information and understanding for more than 200 years, helping people around the world meet their needs and fulfill their aspirations. . Bush, Kasich) with OMalley having a very distinctive style in this point of view. The fourth describes and applies different measurements and methods to define and compare the rhetoric and style of the different candidates. So he wants to show his audience how phony the interview is. The third longest distance (0.180) can be found between Trump and Cruz. A few studies focus on the legislative level (e.g. Rhetorical Analysis Of Barack Obama's Inaugural Address Remind them to refer to the. One can consider that electoral speeches delivered by the candidates correspond also to an oral communication form and thus can be included in our corpus. By working with primary sources from the online collections of the Library of Congress, students can explore the people and events that shaped these speeches. When a question is discussed, the choice of the word can make the difference. From this h-point, one can assume that types appearing before the hth rank are function words while those occurring after correspond to lexical or topical words (the very vocabulary). To answer these questions, the current study will focus on the US primaries TV debates. Usually Senators (e.g. In this campaign, none of the adjectives is very frequently used, but more verbs can be observed (e.g. Two main syntactic constructions can be selected by the speaker, namely, using more frequently verb phrases (composed of verbs and adverbs), or choosing more often noun phrases (with nouns, adjectives, determiners, and prepositions). These examples show that Cruzs rhetoric is more complex with the highest LD mean and the largest percentage of BW (see Table 3). This fact is confirmed by recent studies: One finding of cognitive science is that words have the most powerful effect on our minds when they are simple. Speeches are special kinds of arguments and should be analyzed as such. A RHETORICAL ANALYSIS OF DONALD J. TRUMP'S INAUGURAL ADDRESS DANIELLE F. DICKERSON 2019 In this thesis, I utilized three distinct theories (ideographs, dramatism, and the bully pulpit) to rhetorically analyze and assess President Trump's 2017 inaugural address. Rhetorical Strategies in Speeches: Rhetorical devices are often utilized during speeches. . During this primary election, Donald Trump presents clearly an atypical figure, employing short sentences, a reduced vocabulary, repeating the same arguments with simple words (see Table 2). MERCIECA: Yeah, so one of Trump's rhetorical strategies has been to use ad baculum, which is Latin and means threats of force or intimidation. A more interesting finding is the presence of the pronoun I in the most over-used terms by only two runners: Trump and Clinton. As an interesting first case, one can analyze the most characteristic sentence from Kasichs comments, which is the following: I have balanced budgets, the federal budget, the state of Ohio budget, we're running a 2 billion dollar surplus, were up 400,000 jobs, and in Washington we were able to have significant job growth whenever we balanced the budget of which I was the architect. (J. Kasich, 6 February 2016). Request Permissions, Center for the Study of the Presidency and Congress. <>/Metadata 515 0 R/ViewerPreferences 516 0 R>> La campagne prsidentielle de 2012. Types of Rhetorical Strategies. Due to space limitations, not all possible candidates have been retained. 2, the intertextual distance is computed according to topical words, and no word used to draw Fig. A speech analysis is an evaluation of a speech. But more importantly, why? Help students find the author of the speech because this will challenge some students. (PDF) Rhetorics of Digong - Rhetorical Devices used by President No general theory specifies precisely the k value, but a value from 200 to 500 represents a pertinent choice justified by various studies (Savoy, 2015b). Presidential Speeches Rhetorical Analysis Bundle. 4. This sentence was selected through the over-used words I, not, deal (see Table 6), as well as bad, do, have, and just. The maximum value per grammatical category is shown in bold, and the minimum in italics. Elizabeth uses all of the appeals logos, pathos, and ethos to convince all of her listeners to fight for her from the loyal follower to the greedy mercenary. As each candidate is represented by her/his remarks in the TV debates, one can compute a distance reflecting their similarities (Labb and Labb, 2006). These results present also the stylistic evolution over more than two centuries and can be compared to those achieved using traditional methods as, for example, by Lim (2002). Tags may be attached to nouns (nn, noun, singular, nns noun, plural, nnp proper noun, singular), verbs (vb, lemma, vbg gerund or present participle, vbp non-3rd-person singular present, vbz 3rd-person singular present), adjectives (jj, jjr adjective in comparative form), personal pronouns (prp), prepositions (in), and adverbs (rb). The tone shifts throughout the selection. And so he'll say, you know, that's a dumb question. One can see the presence of expressions related to the dialogue between candidates (Senator Sanders by Clinton, Donald with Cruz, Jeb under Trump). Moreover, Trump is using pronouns lessexcept Ithan the others. Students explore the ways that powerful and passionate words communicate the concepts of freedom, justice, discrimination, and the American Dream in Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. of Illinois and Democratic presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956. How? The third section presents briefly some statistics about our corpus. A text is, however, a composite item in which one finds both the style with its lexical, syntactical, or discourse factors, and the recurrent words belonging to the topics. His writing is uses many analogies. Set up students inheterogeneousgroups of four. Donald Trump instead attacks, right? The second proposes to consider four overall stylistic measurements and applies them to the different candidates while the last sub-section describes the differences in the distribution of the grammatical categories between candidates. Yesterday, December 7, 1941a date which will live in infamythe United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. They draw on their prior experience, their interactions with other readers and writers, their knowledge of word meaning and of other texts, their word identification strategies, and their understanding of textual features (e.g., sound-letter correspondence, sentence structure, context, graphics). Presidential rhetoric in times of crisis: A textual analysis of What rhetorical devices aided the authors manipulation of his audience? Using the LIWC system, Slatcher et al. In the second sub-section, an intertextual distance is presented and used to derive graphs representing stylistic and topical affinities between the candidates. The personal pronouns are depicted in bold. Patrick Henry and "Give Me Liberty!" - Lesson Plan - America in Class The author wants to thank the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions and remarks. This is a good time to discuss the Rhetorical Triangle (Aristotelian Triad) or discuss a chapter on audience from an argumentative textbook. The rhetorical situation analysis consists of four elements: audience, occasion, speaker and speech, each assessing the quality of speech. The presence of Bernie Sanders occupying a position more on the left demonstrates that the Democratic primaries were more difficult than expected. Students adjust their use of spoken, written, and visual language (e.g., conventions, style, vocabulary) to communicate effectively with a variety of audiences and for different purposes. Ultimately, I analyzed whether Trump deviated from Campbell and Jamieson's (1985) Allow students to select a speech from the. This present article examines the verbal style and rhetoric of the candidates of the 2016 US presidential primary elections. 1. Analyzing Famous Speeches as Arguments | Read Write Think Grounded on the MSL, LD, and BW indicators, one can see that Trump is adopting a more direct communication style, selecting simple words and producing short sentences.