Vankov K, et al. All rights reserved. Unfortunately, the enhancement of immune response is counterproductive in people with autoimmune disease such as This is so that the dosage can be monitored more accurately. It is recommended to eat at least 4 servings of green vegetables a day, however, there is no recommended amount of chlorophyll to ingest per day. They can also reduce inflammation in the body. You cant cure lupus with fish oil. The results showed that the rats consuming haem experienced about eight times the amount of cytotoxicity of the colon compared to the beginning of the study. While individual studies found this ointment to be more effective than other treatments, the reviewers note that larger, better controlled studies are required to confirm these findings. Lupus is a chronic autoimmune condition that causes inflammation throughout your body. Talk to your doctor before adding any vitamins or supplements to your daily routine. Health experts agree its best to get antioxidants from healthy foods, including fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. WebStudies in rodents show that chlorophyll can reduce the occurrence of cancerous tumors. Some research suggests that chlorophyll may benefit the health of your skin. They include vitamins and minerals found in foods or supplements. Scientists are studying the effects of chlorophyll intake when it comes to liver, skin, stomach, and colon cancers. Medications. Chlorophyll supplements may interfere with certain medications, herbs, and supplements. All rights reserved. As a supplement, chlorophyll comes in a few different forms, including: According to Oregon State University, the average dosage of chlorophyllin supplements is between 100 and 300 milligrams (mg) per day over three divided doses. Studies in rodents show that chlorophyll can reduce the occurrence of cancerous tumors. Lupus already puts you at higher risk for developing heart disease. I have vonwillebrands disease and lupus (sle). That may: Fish oil might quiet an overactive immune system. 2021;65(7):e2000761. After 16 weeks of taking chlorophyllin, AFB1 levels dropped an average of 55 percent more in those taking chlorophyllin compared to those taking the placebo, suggesting chlorophyll supports liver health in a useful and safe way. Although stress commonly causes spotting, it isn't the only cause. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. The primary reason chlorophyll is considered a. A 2019 clinical trial looked at the effect of a supplement that contained both chlorophyll and sodium iron chlorophyllin, a derivative of chlorophyll. Benefits. Utilization of biomarkers in lupus nephritis. Abdel Moety GAF, Ali AM, Fouad R, Ramadan W, Belal DS, Haggag HM. For example, up to 60% of people with lupus may develop lupus nephritis, a condition that affects the kidneys. Set aside the saltshaker and start ordering your restaurant meals with less sodium. Although, research on the topic is limited. Use chlorophyll supplements carefully if you take photosensitive drugs or are especially prone to sunburns, blistering or rashes when youre exposed to UV light. You take certain medications, including corticosteroids. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in less than one minute for common issues such as: colds and coughs, stomach symptoms, bladder infections, rashes, and more. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Theyll let you know whats safe. Carcinogensis: Green vegetables, red meat and colon cancer: chlorophyll prevents the cytotoxic and hyperproliferative effects of haem in rat colon., WhFoods: Can you tell me more about chlorophyll?, WHFoods: Which foods contain chlorophyll, and in what amount?, WHFoods: Does chlorophyll provide health benefits?, Oregon State University: Chlorophyll and Chlorophyllin., Oxid Med Cell Longev: Chlorophyll-Mediated Changes in the Redox Status of Pancreatic Cancer Cells Are Associated with Its Anticancer Effects.. Chlorophyll supplements may cause side effects that can range from mild to severe. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. Curr Res Food Sci. Many supplements and nutrients have been looked at for their potential role in cancer treatment or prevention, including chlorophyll. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. A diet change that works for one person may not work for you. A 2014 study involving 38 female participants found that those who took a green plant membrane supplement, which included chlorophyll, once daily had greater weight loss than a group that didnt take the supplement. This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. For more than 50 years, chlorophyllin has been used to treat slow-healing or bad-smelling wounds as it acts as an internal deodorant. Research in early studies on humans shows that taking 100-milligram doses of chlorophyllin three times a day for four months decreased aflatoxin damage to DNA by up to 55%. (2020). However, research to support these claims is both lacking and conflicting. As we learned back in science class, chlorophyll isa type of plant pigment responsible for the absorption of light in the process of photosynthesis, which creates energy. It's always best to take a food-first approach to nutrition. You can safely add more omega-3 fatty acids to your diet. Theres not much research on the benefits of antioxidant supplements for people with autoimmune conditions. Wheatgrass may be a good alternative-medicine approach for some conditions. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. (2009). J Oncol Pharm Pract. But some herbs might trigger a flare if you have an autoimmune condition like lupus. Brittany Lubeck, RD, is a nutrition writer and registered dietitian with a master's degree in clinical nutrition. Assessment of the safety and efficacy of topical copper chlorophyllin in women with photodamaged facial skin. McQuistan TJ, et al. The very best sources of chlorophyll found on the planet are green vegetables and algae. The FDA does not strictly regulate nutritional supplements. Some complications of lupus may require you to follow a special diet. Some research suggests chlorophyll can help prevent cancer in animals and may help reduce risk of liver cancer in high-risk populations. Talk to your doctor if you want to take more than 3 grams of fish oil a day. (2008). Both my mom and aunt have been diagnosed with lupus, should i get checked for it as well? It also contains essential amino acids that are not made by the body but must be obtained from food sources. Chlorophyll-mediated changes in the redox status of pancreatic cancer cells are associated with its anticancer effects. There is also a small chlorophyllic concentration in green nuts and seeds, like pistachios. Effects of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on low-dose aflatoxin B1 pharmacokinetics in human volunteers. Top answers from doctors based on your search: Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. WebIncreased immune system activity may occur following treatment with ashwagandha. DOI: Yamazaki H, et al. When possible, choose a supplement tested by a trusted third party, such as USP, ConsumerLab, or NSF. The American Heart Association recommends at least two servings a week of fish such as mackerel, wild salmon, or tuna. Additional studies are needed to characterize these potential benefits. They reported reduced hunger following the meals containing the chlorophyll and blood tests showed stable blood sugar levels. Because of this, the quality of supplements from one manufacturer to the next may vary. Improper use of ashwagandha may make your disease symptoms worse. As with any medical condition, consider eating a healthy blend of foods, including fresh fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, plant fats, lean proteins, and fish. However, its important to note that the study authors didnt conclude that chlorophyll was the reason for the decreased need for transfusions. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Luckily, chlorophyllin has similar properties to chlorophyll. Whats the Connection Between Lupus and Anemia? Talk to your doctor before you take any antioxidant supplements. Keeping a food journal and having an open dialogue with your doctor and dietitian will help you determine how different foods help or hurt your symptoms. Results may indicate you have anemia, which commonly occurs in lupus. WebNone: lupus needs to be controlled with meds that treat the underlying inflammatory process, not with pain meds. We avoid using tertiary references. While the risk for toxicity is extremely low, chlorophyllin supplements might cause minor adverse effects like green discoloration of urine or feces, temporary discoloration of the tongue, or mild indigestion/diarrhea. (2004). In most cases, taking chlorophyll supplements by mouth won't result in adverse events. Human trials are necessary to support these and other claims surrounding chlorophyll's role in cancer prevention. Some chlorophyll supplements may require refrigeration. or more, any height - up to 400 mg Plaquenil daily 102 lbs. To combat fractures, eat foods high in calcium and vitamin D. These nutrients strengthen your bones. Are lupus, endometriosis, and pots connected? Experts Say Not Likely, The metabolism and potential bioactivity of chlorophyll and metallo-chlorophyll derivatives in the gastrointestinal tract, Green plant pigment, chlorophyllin, ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLDs) through modulating gut microbiome in mice, Efficacy of SXN in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia: a phase IV clinical trial, Chlorophyll-mediated changes in the redox status of pancreatic cancer cells are associated with its anticancer effects, Efficacy and tolerability of an acne treatment regimen with antiaging benefits in adult women: a pilot study. Since about the 1940s, cholorphyllin has been added to certain ointments used to heal persistent open wounds in humans, such as a vascular ulcer and pressure ulcer. This means getting all the nutrients you can from food instead of supplements. This means inhibiting their effects can help stop the process of chemically induced cancers. While chlorophyllin has been used since the 1940s to neutralize certain odors, studies are outdated and show mixed results. Yang Y, Jiang X, Pandol SJ, Han YP, Zheng X. Chlorophyll supplements are available in tablet, capsule, gummy, and liquid form. Influencers and chlorophyll enthusiasts may have you believe that the pigment will cure body odor. Dietary sodium intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Chlorophyllin seems to slow the rate at which harmful bacteria reproduce, making it beneficial for wound healing and preventing infections. Get the facts about this green pigments health benefits. Chlorophyll should not replace prescribed medications or other conventional treatments you may need. Treatment can help improve your symptoms, While chlorophyll is a natural compound in plants, chlorophyllin is a supplement that is taken with meals. Plants that are fresh and green are probably a good source of chlorophyll. In its most natural form, even when accompanied by some healthy fat, chlorophyll can still be somewhat hard to break down. Amino acid chelated iron versus an iron salt in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia with pregnancy: A randomized controlled study. Chlorophyll is abundant in plant-based foods, yet, has the highest concentration in green vegetables. 2017;10(7):14-17. As for claims about chlorophyllin reducing bad breath, theres little evidence to support it. Note that the numbers in parentheses (1, 2, etc.) But researchers are studying the possible benefits of adding a supplement. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Stephens TJ, et al. Her work is regularly featured in media such as First For Women, Woman's World, and Natural Health. 2016;9:167-174. doi:10.2147/CCID.S111139. Chlorophyllin intervention reduces aflatoxin-DNA adducts in individuals with a high risk for liver cancer. 30 grams of flaxseeds Chlorophyllin may also be effective for other skin conditions, as evidenced by the results of two pilot studies. Certain foods may help keep these bacteria in a healthier balance. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. In fact, over the past 50 years there have been practically no toxic effects attributed to their consumption, even in people with weak immune systems, such as those healing from cancer. Researchers have looked into the effect of chlorophyll and chlorophyllin on cancer. But if you buy fish oil, make sure its purified to get rid of mercury and other heavy metals. While essential to the life of a plant, chlorophyll may also provide health benefits for humans. Most chlorophyll supplements are naturally vegan and gluten-free, but be sure to check the product label to confirm any necessary dietary restrictions. Doc Lupus can take on many forms. Fish are high in omega-3s. Got green poop? My dsdna double strand reference was 3.45 and very symptomatic.. s this a positive for lupus how is it scored? This means that you can manage it with treatment, but it will not go away. (2020). Ramessar N, et al. However, consuming more chlorophyll than recommended may increase your risk of side effects. By clicking Subscribe, I agree to the WebMD, Smart Grocery Shopping When You Have Diabetes, Surprising Things You Didn't Know About Dogs and Cats, Mediterranean, Low-Fat Diets Are Best for Heart Problems, Least Amount of Exercise You Need to Stay Healthy, Nerve 'Pulse' Therapy May Help Ease Sciatica, New Book: Take Control of Your Heart Disease Risk, MINOCA: The Heart Attack You Didnt See Coming, Health News and Information, Delivered to Your Inbox, Mild burning or itching when applied directly to a wound. Heres what some of the latest science shows: Researchers gave a group of 31 people with lupus vitamin D3 supplements for a year. Joint pain is a common symptom of lupus. No supplement is intended to treat, cure, or prevent disease. Let's look at the support available to you: Yes, about 1 in 10 of the people with lupus are men or assigned male at birth. These products can interact with drugs youre taking for lupus and cause side effects. Another way that chlorophyll improves detoxification is by speeding up waste elimination, balancing fluid levels and reducing cases of constipation. (2017). Green algae like chlorella and spirulina are often sold as chlorophyll supplements. DOI: Frug AD, et al. As a general rule of thumb, do not exceed the dose printed on the product label. While the results of animal studies are promising, there have only recently been human trials. They might change how your medication works. A low white blood cell or platelet count may occur in lupus as well. According to a review of such studies, chlorophyll may be antiproliferative, which means it may be able to stop the growth and spread of cancer cells. More than 20 bio-available vitamins & minerals. I think you would find this beneficial and you woul think anyone knows for sure if its okay for sure. Chlorophyll is a pigment that gives many plants their green color, and it may offer various health benefits. You are in fact immunocompromised with lupus i suspect degree of control and current medicat New evidence from a study in Canada strongly suggests that POTS is an autoimmune disorder. As with other supplements, chlorophyll should only be used as a complementary (additional) treatment and should never replace first-line treatments for cancer. The benefits of chlorophyll on the human body are still in the early stages of investigation. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. This article discusses chlorophyll and its potential uses. Diets that are high in red meat and low in green vegetables are associated with increased colon cancer risk. Cooking these foods decreases the nutrient content and lowers the chlorophyll benefits you get, so eat them raw or lightly cooked to preserve the nutrients. This is in line with an old study from China where chlorophyllin consumption at each meal led to a 55 percent decrease in aflatoxin biomarkers compared to placebo. Discard chlorophyll supplements once they pass their expiration date. They are both fat-soluble compounds that have antioxidant properties. You can blend parsley with water to create a liquid chlorophyll drink. Your healthcare provider can help you find the best dose for your specific needs. Just make sure to eat a variety of healthy plant-based foods. Our team thoroughly researches and evaluates the recommendations we make on our site. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. There is not enough research to know if chlorophyll supplements are safe to use during pregnancy or lactation (breastfeeding). The rats given chlorophyll supplements were significantly protected from formation of the cytotoxic haem metabolites, which made the researchers conclude that green vegetables may decrease colon cancer risk because chlorophyll prevents the cytotoxic and hyperproliferative colonic effects of dietary toxins like haem. This information should be listed on the product label or packaging. Chlorophyll also helps to prevent damage done to genes by harmful aflatoxins. Causal Effects of Gut Microbiome on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. By the end of the study, the supplement was correlated with improvements in total red blood cell counts and the health of red blood cells in all groups. The mechanism by which chlorophyll decreases the risk for cancer development and cleanses the liver is by interfering with the metabolism of chemicals procarcinogen, which must first be metabolized in order to damage DNA. You can get chlorophyll from either plants or supplements, although supplements may be more effective. to 134 lbs. Omega-3s are polyunsaturated fatty acids that help protect against heart disease and stroke. But vitamin D also affects how your immune system works. (n.d.). There are two types of chlorophyll in plants: chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Another 2015 pilot study, also involving 10 people, found that using topical chlorophyllin over 8 weeks improved sun-damaged skin. i was diagnosed with all 3 and dont think its a coincidence. Some studies suggest that omega-3s may reduce lupus activity in the body. Its common for people with lupus to have low levels of vitamin D. Thats partly because sunshine can trigger a flare, and ultraviolet (UV) rays are the biggest source of vitamin D. Other reasons might include: Its unclear how vitamin D levels affect the disease course in someone who has lupus. Studies show people with lupus might have higher levels of oxidative stress.. All plants contain either one of these two varieties. A case of delayed methotrexate clearance following administration of a complementary medication containing chlorophyll, Amino acid chelated iron versus an iron salt in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia with pregnancy: A randomized controlled study, Serum zinc levels and efficacy of zinc treatment in acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Topical vitamin C and the skin: mechanisms of action and clinical applications, Chlorophyll enhances oxidative stress tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans and extends its lifespan. Charoenwoodhipong P, et al. This video has been medically reviewed by Allison Herries, RDN. Chlorophyll has many suggested health benefits in humans. A small study of four volunteers found that chlorophyll may limit ingested aflatoxin, a compound known to cause cancer. 2018;2018:4069167. doi:10.1155/2018/4069167. Be extra careful with vitamin E, vitamin A, and beta-carotene. These women should not take a chlorophyllin supplement until further research has been carried out. With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. Zhong S, Bird A, Kopec RE. Keep supplements out of the reach of small children and pets, and make sure they are properly sealed. But its believed that chlorophyll is destroyed during the production of wheatgrass extract. (2001). Although, even fruits and vegetables that aren't green may contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll supplements are actually chlorophyllin, which contains copper instead of magnesium. In fact, very few have been reported. Is it ok for s.l.e lupus patients to take suppliments for gym workouts such as, karbolyn xr3, stance bcaa, gluamatic. Health enthusiasts have long raved about the countless benefits of wheatgrass, and for good reason. A 2016 study implied that topical chlorophyll might have antiaging properties that may help reduce the signs of aging from sun exposure. We avoid using tertiary references. In pregnant women,chlorophyll or chlorophyllin supplements havent been researched very much, so at this time its not recommended that theyre used during pregnancy or when breast-feeding. Serum zinc levels and efficacy of zinc treatment in acne vulgaris: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2022). 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. Some supplements may contain chlorophyllin, a derivative of chlorophyll, instead of chlorophyll itself. How it works Hydroxychloroquine is an antimalarial drug. Primary outcomes of a randomized controlled crossover trial to explore the effects of a high chlorophyll dietary intervention to reduce colon cancer risk in adults: The Meat and Three Greens (M3G) Feasibility Trial. Although it has not been completely proven, researchers believe the delayed clearance of methotrexate was due to chlorophyll. Some studies suggest that chlorophyll can help with skin healing, cancer protection, and weight loss, among other benefits. Fish oil is high in omega-3 fatty acids. Red raspberry leaves have been used during pregnancy and to treat various ailments for centuries. Lupus can be triggered by certain types of blood pressure medications, anti-seizure medications and antibiotics. Substitute other spices to enhance food flavor, such as: Many herbs and spices have been sold online as lupus symptom relievers. 3. Adults Taking Certain Medications Jubert C, et al. Along with calcium, you need vitamin D to build strong bones. Its been found to help lower inflammation caused by injuries or wounds, promote healing and even control odors caused by bacteria accumulation. Omega-3 fatty acids: An essential combination. To better ensure safety and quality, opt for brands that have been voluntarily submitted for certification by a third-party authority like USP, ConsumerLab, or NSF International. Even though research hasnt been able to prove what minimum amount of fat is needed to metabolize chlorophyll, its thought that small amounts of healthy fats can help the body process it during meals. Elizabeth Barnes, RDN, is a registered dietitian nutritionist who specializes in eating disorders, type 2 diabetes, and heart health. I would recommend stay simple supplement with m , lupus isn't an easy diagnosis to make, an expert would better help you, good luck. If you have lupus, eating a balanced and healthy diet has its many benefits, including: Reducing inflammation and other disease symptoms. Chlorophyllin supplements are believed to help neutralize oxidants, which means they effectively decrease oxidative damage caused by factors like a poor diet, chemical carcinogens, UV light exposure and radiation. Alcohol can also reduce the effectiveness of warfarin (Coumadin) and may increase the potential liver side effects of methotrexate. Both are thought to act as antioxidants. If you're receiving methotrexate or another cancer therapy, be sure to check with your healthcare provider before using chlorophyll. Food sources include green leafy vegetables, wheatgrass, green tea, potatoes, and some algae and herbs. Lets explore a little bit of what we know so far. In China, a randomized, placebo-controlled intervention trial involving 180 adults with a high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic hepatitis B infection gave participants either 100 milligrams of chlorophyllin or a placebo before meals three times daily. Many foods naturally contain chlorophyll, which means you may not need to take a supplement to reap the potential benefits. A pilot study on wheat grass juice for its phytochemical, nutritional, and therapeutic potential on chronic diseases. Learn about symptoms, causes, risk factors, treatments, and. Always talk to your doctor before you take chlorophyll or any herbs or supplements. Studies offer conflicting results, but some researchers found that fish oil might: Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil might also improve blood flow and blood vessel health. are clickable links to these studies. A DNA-technology-based cellular assay used to measure specific biological activity in a wheatgrass extract. Your gut contains bacteria that may promote health benefits and some that could be harmful. 2. To establish that the product manufacturers addressed safety and efficacy standards, we: We do the research so you can find trusted products for your health and wellness. WebChlorella is the best natural source of chlorophyll. since i know its hereditary. Chlorophyll supplements are also available at health food stores and drug stores. Liquid chlorophyll contains various nutrients and antioxidants, but little scientific evidence supports its use to prevent or treat any condition. There are many at-home and prescription treatments available to treat lupus-related pain. It helps turn off a pro-inflammatory cytokine called lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-, making it a promising treatment option for inflammation and related chronic diseases that conventional medicine has failed to control. The mechanism behind these findings, and whether it involves chlorophyll, is currently unknown. Vitamin D: Fact sheet for health professionals. Natural chlorophyll and chlorophyllin arent known to be toxic. Chlorophyllin is semi-synthetic, water-soluble, and not fat-soluble, and is commonly used as an additive to medicines or food colorings. Most antibodies attack disease in the body, but LAs attack healthy cells. Too much vitamin D can be harmful. (2021). You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Chlorella is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, riboflavin, iron, and zinc. In 2005, the Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences in the Netherlands studied whether green vegetables could inhibit the unfavorable properties of haem within the colon. There is a small difference between the two types, basically that each absorbs light from the sun at slightly different wavelengths. A recent pilot study found that chlorophyll has great cancer-fighting properties which help reduce carcinogen bioavailabilitythe rate at which carcinogens are absorbed into the skin and body. Antioxidants like selenium and vitamin C can help protect against free radicals. Chlorophyll may have other uses, but research is severely lacking. It is also unknown if it is safe for children to use chlorophyll supplements. Chlorophyll might also be able to protect the skin from shingles, reducing symptoms like painful sores, plus lower the risk for skin cancer. Dietary intake of free sugars is associated with disease activity and dyslipidemia in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Consequently, adults with any type of autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis or lupus, should not take this supplement. It also covers side effects, precautions, dosage, interactions, and food sources of chlorophyll. WebWomen with lupus who are AT OR BELOW their ideal body weight should go by these dosing rules: 135 lbs. Below is a look at just a few of these similar supplements: Liquid chlorophyll is thought to be safe to drink in moderation, but it may not be the health elixir it is purported to be. Proponents of chlorophyll believe the pigment may play a role in the treatment of such conditions as: However, once again, there is no scientific evidence to support these and other health claims. Potassium can help combat high blood pressure. (2022). Because it is so easy to assimilate, many greens powders and vitamins use it as a base. Some early studies involving animals indicate that chlorophyllin may reduce the risk for aflatoxin-induced liver damage or liver cancer by increasing activity of these phase II enzymes and removing bodily toxins. 2017;210:242-246. doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2017.01.003. And experts dont agree whether supplements are needed at all. This is why in recent yearsribonucleotide reductase activity has come under investigation for naturally treatingcancer and its many side effects. Chou CT. (2010). It is the substance that gives plants their green color and helps them create energy via photosynthesis. 1 While essential to the life of a plant, chlorophyll may also provide health benefits for humans. Proponents of chlorophyll believe the pigment detoxes the body, strengthens the immune system, and boosts energy, among other things. However, like the previous study, these findings were also limited by the small study size (just four participants) and the lack of a control group (a group not taking the substance in order to compare results). Last medically reviewed on November 9, 2020. Thats something you should ask your doctor. For these, please consult a doctor (virtually or in person). Too much added sugar in your diet can contribute to conditions such as: The occasional glass of red wine or beer isnt restricted. Here are some tips: Eating too much salt can raise your blood pressure and increase your risk for heart disease. Chlorophyll Facilities Red Blood Cell Growth Relationship between color and antioxidant capacity of fruits and vegetables.