A. Unicellular organisms dont have organelles, but multicellular ones do. When the cells of a filament divide in multidirectional planes, it results the formation of a parenchymatous thallus and ultimately becoming foliose and flat (e.g., Ulva, Fig. 3.18A). Major toxin producers include Gonyaulax and Alexandrium, both of which cause paralytic shellfish poisoning. [5] Such hypothetic cells with an RNA genome instead of the usual DNA genome are called 'ribocells' or 'ribocytes'. Plant-like protists live in aquatic environments and most species are found in oceans, lakes, and ponds. Scotiella nivalis and Raphidonema brevirostri cause black colouration of snow, whereas Ancyclonema nordenskioldii is responsible for brownish purple colouration. The trichomes of blue greens may break either due to death or decay of the intercalary cells. Although unicellular, they swarm together and form one giant cell-like structure with several nuclei. 3.5A) or attached to the substratum (e.g., Ulothrix, Oedogonium, etc.). During the Asexual reproduction fragments of the Algal body are formed. Volvox is a colonial, unicellular alga (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). If these antibiotics did not exist, the mortality rate would skyrocket for even the smallest ailment. Some forms of Euglena lack chloroplasts and are solely heterotrophic. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Scientists use taxonomy to categorize all living organisms into groups based on certain characteristics. 2023. In Ulothrix, the gametes thus produced are morphologically identical, but the fusion takes place between gametes originating from the different filaments indicate the difference in their physiological characteristics and can be designated as + and gametes. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. All the cells of the filament are similar except the basal attachment cell that is specially modified for the purpose called holdfast or rhizoidal cell. The above view is also supported by the fact that in lower group of plants sexual reproduction takes place during unfavourable condition to overcome the situation. 3.6C). Amoebas, bacteria, and plankton are just some types of unicellular organisms. Chloroplasts in some lineages appear to have resulted from secondary endosymbiosis, in which another cell engulfed a green or red algal cell that already had a primary chloroplast within it. During sexual reproduction, algae form differentiated sex cells that fuse to produce a diploid zygote with two sets of chromosomes. Diseases Cardiovascular Lymphatic Systems, Introduction to Controlling Microbial Growth, AntibodyMediated (Humoral) Immunity (AMI), Detecting Antibodies with Laboratory Tests, Bacterial Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, Viral Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems, Fungal and Protozoal Diseases of the Respiratory System, Bacterial Diseases of the Respiratory System, Protozoal Diseases of the Digestive System, Parasitic Diseases of the Digestive System, Bacterial Diseases of the Digestive System, Fungal and Protozoal Diseases of the Reproductive System, Bacterial Diseases of the Reproductive System, Viral Diseases of the Reproductive System. Primary chloroplasts have two membranesone from the original cyanobacteria that the ancestral eukaryotic cell engulfed, and one from the plasma membrane of the engulfing cell. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". During this process cells or in short fragments did not combine their genetic material. In addition to above mentioned habitats, some algae also occur in uncommon habitats and termed as: They grow in the highly concentrated salt lakes, and include Chlamydomonas ehrenbergli, Dunaliella and Stephanoptera sp. These smaller units behave as gametes. Their body contains Chlorophyll and photosynthetic pigments which help to perform Photosynthesis. (2016, November 22). Hello, I am a blogger specialized in environmental, health and scientific dissemination issues in general. Delivered to your inbox! Welcome to BiologyDiscussion! The fascinating story behind many people's favori Test your vocabulary with our 10-question quiz! [16] Much of the fossilized stromatolites of the world can be found in Western Australia. They are important ecologically and environmentally because they are responsible for the production of approximately 70% of the oxygen and organic matter in aquatic environments. Euglenoids store carbohydrates in a different glucose polymer than typical starch the glucose units are combined in a 1,3 linkage, rather than the 1,4 linkage found in normal starch. Rests of two groups of. CliffsNotes study guides are written by real teachers and professors, so no matter what you're studying, CliffsNotes can ease your homework headaches and help you score high on exams. Algal cells have specialized Nucleus. They obtain food by preying on smaller organisms, such as bacteria living on rotting vegetation. Bacteria and many other micro-organisms move into the Algal Bloom and feedstuff on the dead bodies and diminishing the oxygen of water. Additionally, unicellular organisms can be multinucleate, like Caulerpa, Plasmodium, and Myxogastria. Again, certain algae grow in brackish water which is unpalatable for drinking, but less salty than sea water. How to talk about an insect's antennae with confidence. (with pictures)", "What Is the Largest Unicellular Organism? Reproduction in algae occurs in both asexual and sexual forms. Web: any of a diverse group of chiefly photosynthetic and aquatic plantlike organisms that range from unicellular to large multicellular forms, are typically classified as protists, d.they form large amts of cellulose. (With Methods)| Industrial Microbiology, How is Cheese Made Step by Step: Principles, Production and Process, Enzyme Production and Purification: Extraction & Separation Methods | Industrial Microbiology, Fermentation of Olives: Process, Control, Problems, Abnormalities and Developments. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Archaeabacteria: This kingdom was initially categorized as bacteria, but scientists later realized that these organisms are really unicellular microbes. [9] Many common bacteria have plasmids, which are short, circular, self-replicating DNA molecules that are separate from the bacterial chromosome. The gametes are smaller in size than the zoospores. Various Algal species are Saprobes, and few are Parasites in nature. Since this cell is so large, it has enabled scientists to understand cell interactions more easily. Both zoospores and gametes are morphologically alike except their size. Algae are known to fix 50% carbon dioxide. Being photosynthetic, they increase the oxygen content of their environment. They are primary producers and many organisms derive food from them. Many commercial products are obtained from algae such as align, etc. The red algae are mainly multicellular but include some unicellular forms. Many male gametes are formed within the antheridium. Term. Delivered to your inbox! Diatoms are unicellular algae that are used extensively in Euglena can be important components of certain aquatic environments and play a role as both a primary producer, eaten by other organisms, and also as a decomposer (heterotroph) that consumes other organisms and breaks them down, or consumes dead organic material and breaks it down. An amoeba is a unicellular predator that lives in wet environments, including decaying vegetation, wet soil, or inside humans. Division Chlorophyta. Certain Euglena species (e.g. These microzoospores, on germination, develop into plants, those are still weaker than the above two cases. Biologydictionary.net Editors. thallus. Although the algae and protozoa were formerly separated taxonomically, they are now mixed into supergroups. b. Rhodochytrium (Chlorophyceae) grows on ragweed (Ambrosia) leaves. a type of unicellular algae that lack cellulose plates and instead have a tough plasma membrane: Term. Some are bacteria, but most are single-celled, plant-like organisms. At the time of conjugation the two filaments come very close to each other and some of the cells are connected by conjugation tube. Unlike coenobium the cells are aggregated irregularly showing a colonial mass of various size and shape. Some algae grow parasitically on different plants and animals. Some Algal species are Chemo-heterotrophic in nature and get there energy by the chemical reactions which take place in the decomposition of organic matter. The broken ends emerge out of the mucilaginous sheath in the form of a branch. Your email address will not be published. The algae are chlorophyll-containing primitive plants, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, with wide range of thaifi starting from unicellular to multicellular organisations. They usually found in both marine and terrestrial environment. Thus, it is possible to find unicellular algae in symbiosis with fungi (mainly lichens and mycorrhizae), as well as with marine mollusks, amphibians, anemones and corals. Unicellular algae are mostly phytoplankton found in both marine and freshwater habitats and some unicellular algae are found in terrestrial habitats. Many of these algae are extremophiles. Based on the presence of either Rhizopodia or flagella, unicellular algae can be either motile or non-motile. D. Photosynthesis based and non-photosynthesis based. The current classification of unicellular algae is based on morphological and genetic characters that allow thetaxonomy of unicellular algae to be established. Chytrid ability to consume pollen is significant because of the copious amounts of pollen, especially conifer pollen, that is produced in some habitats. They normally occur in moist soil and aquatic environments. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Euglena gracilis. Yeast: Origin, Reproduction, Life Cycle and Growth Requirements | Industrial Microbiology, How is Bread Made Step by Step? C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. These organisms are classified in The range of life forms within the Chlorophytafrom unicellular to various levels of coloniality to multicellular formshas been a useful research model for understanding the evolution of multicellularity. Harmful algal blooms, which occur when algae grow quickly and produce dense populations, can produce high concentrations of toxins that impair liver and nervous-system function in aquatic animals and humans. Additionally, seaweeds do not have a waxy cuticle to prevent desiccation. However, some unicellular protists and bacteria are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye. [12], The photosynthetic cyanobacteria are arguably the most successful bacteria, and changed the early atmosphere of the earth by oxygenating it. Contain two whip-like tails called flagella. Slime molds are one of the most unique types of unicellular organisms. [12] Bacteria predominantly reproduce asexually through a process called binary fission. Green algae: what are they, characteristics, types and examples, 5 surprising applications of growing micro algae. (1962) defined algae (seaweeds of the seashore and green skeins in stagnant fresh water, ponds and pools) as among the simplest in the plant kingdom. They have chlorophyll, carotenoid, and xanthophyll pigments. For instance, algal cells can have one or more chloroplasts that contain structures called pyrenoids to synthesize and store starch. Diatoms contribute immense amounts of oxygen to the atmosphere and occupy key places in the spectrum of living things because they convert the sun's energy into the energy in carbohydrates. In addition, they are capable of organizing themselves in colonies of the same or different species to survive, as well as forming underwater meadows;while other species instead live independently. For example, Pseudomona is a bacteria that degrades oil spills in the ocean and on soil. Phycobilins and Beta-Carotene also present. 3.4C; etc.). One moose, two moose. They, being the photosynthetic group, harvest a huge amount of the oxygen on Planet. i. Ptilota plumosa and Rhodymenia pseudopalmatta on Laminaria hyperborean, ii. 3.18D). A representative member is Chlamydomonas, which is often used in research and as a laboratory specimen. Flagella are arranged in the special microtubules pattern the pattern is 9?plus?2 of Microtubules. Division Chrysophyta. d.they form large amts of cellulose. [19] Lastly, sexual reproduction involves the union of sex cells, the gametes, and the result of union of gametes is the zygote (2n), which on germination gives rise to new plant. Different algal groups have different pigments, which are reflected in common names such as red algae, brown algae, and green algae. Spore formation takes place by mitosis. c. Phyllosiphon (Chlorophyceae) grows on the leaves of Arisarum vulgare. Prokaryotic cells probably transitioned into eukaryotic cells between 2.0 and 1.4billion years ago. B. Protista and Eubacteria. The best way to define myself as a blogger is by reading my texts, so I encourage you to do so. These amazing organisms grouped within theProtista Kingdom, are one of the main links in the trophic and ecological chains within the aquatic and humid-terrestrial ecosystems in which they inhabit, since, beingphotosynthetic autotrophic organisms, they constitute the base of primary producers. According to the starvation theory of Cholnoky, the sexuality is originated in algae due to attraction between two nutritionally deficient cells. In Volvox the coenobium is a hollow sphere. It may be simple branched (e.g., Vaucheria, Fig. Pyrococcus, a species that can function in temperatures over 100C, allows for food processing at extremely high temperatures, such as with whey and other dairy products. Chlamydomonas produces zoospores, which are flagellated. While multicellular algae often resemble plants, they lack the true roots, leaves, and stems characteristic of vascular plants. These protozoa are very parasitic, causing malaria in both birds and mammals. The Archaeplastids include the green algae (Chlorophyta), the red algae (Rhodophyta), another group of green algae (Charophyta), and the land plants. Cyanobacteria resemble the eukaryotic algae in many ways, including morphological characteristics and ecological niches, and were at one time treated as algae, hence the common name of blue-green However, these are not true leaves, stems, or roots (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)). Most prokaryotes are unicellular and are classified into bacteria and archaea. Fresh water algae may be termed as planktonic when they grow and remain suspended on the upper part of water (e.g., Volvox, diatom), while the benthic algae are bottom-dwellers. Once the prey is engulfed, enzymes inside the amoeba digest it and then eliminate the waste by pushing it back through the membrane. Asexual reproduction occurs through the fragmentation of colonial and filamentous algae or by spore formation (as in fungi). The gametes are incapable of developing a new plant on germination. In this type the cells are united through rhizopodia. Many blue-greens, on the other hand, grow under the surface of the soil, and are called cryptophytes. Send us feedback about these examples. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This symbiotic association consisting of algae and fungi is called lichen. Algae like Cocconis, Achnanthes etc. algal blooms are caused by. Algae, which are now regarded as protoctists, include the seaweeds, diatoms, and spirogyra Collins English Dictionary. Specifically, unicellular algae have aroused the interest of scientists and experts for years, given their importance in the ecological relationships of marine and freshwater ecosystems, as well as in their important role as primary producers as part of the well-knownphytoplankton. They reproduce by Asexual and Sexual reproduction. Moreover, this species consumes filamentous and unicellular algae, diatoms, fungi, and macrophytic remains. The most important one is Cephaleuros virescens, which causes Red rust of tea. These unicellular organisms are called extremophiles. Yeast is one of the few unicellular organisms that fall into the Kingdom Fungi. When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. The gametes are called aniso- gametes. Found in both marine and freshwater environments. In contrast to prokaryotes, eukaryotes reproduce by using mitosis and meiosis. What makes archaeabacteria unique is that these organisms thrive in conditions that few others can, such as deserts and tundra. Euglena reproduces asexually when cells divide. Eubacteria: Most organisms in this kingdom are unicellular bacteria. To learn more about these organisms, continue reading this AgroCorrn article onwhat single-celled algae are, characteristics, types, and examples. Algae-like most of the other plants reproduce by all the three means: vegetative, asexual, and sexual. To save this word, you'll need to log in. The above difference is visible due to the difference in the number of divisions in their maternal protoplasm. The algae that grow on the surface of the soil are known as saprophytes. (adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({}); Algae | Classification, Characteristics & Examples, Fungi | Definition, Characteristics & Types, Throat Cancer | Introduction, Types, Symptoms & Treatment, Codon | Anticodon Introduction, Chart & Examples, Disruptive Selection | Definition & Examples, Glycolysis | Introduction, Pathway , Diagram & Summary, Meiosis | Phases of Meiosis | Importance of Meiosis, Desert Plants | Introduction and Examples, Divergent Evolution | Definition, Types & Examples, Homologous Structures | Brief Introduction & Examples, Secondary Consumers | Definition, Types and Examples, Simple Squamous Epithelium |Inrtroducrion , Anatomy & Function, Polysaccharide |Definition, Structure , Functions & Examples. During the Asexual reproduction crumbling of Algal colonial, or by spore development. Some have cellulose plates forming a hard outer covering, or theca, as armor. Webb. Host mosquitos already infected with malaria are responsible for injecting sporozoans into the bloodstream, causing malarial infection. ", Biologydictionary.net Editors. Your email address will not be published. Members of the division Euglenophyta include the common organism Euglena. Interactions. The coccoid unicellular algae are the simplest forms of algae found in Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae etc., e.g., Gloeocapsa, Chlorella (Fig. Beyond medicinal uses, bacteria decompose dead and decaying matter for nutrients. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Photosynthesis and respiration are essentially the reverse of one another, and the advent of respiration coupled with photosynthesis enabled much greater access to energy than fermentation alone. They grow on other plants including other algal members. photosynthetic protists are the base of many food webs. There is no embryo formation in algae. Unicellular Algae: Unicellular forms of algae are also called acellular algae as they function as complete living organisms. Unicellular. Chlamydomonas is a green alga that has a single large chloroplast, two flagella, and a stigma (eyespot); it is important in molecular biology research (Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\)). The algae growing in the desert soil may be typified as endedaphic (living in soil), epidaphic (living on the soil surface), hypolithic (growing on the lower surface of the stones on soil), chasmolithic (living in rock fissures) and endolithic algae (which are rock penetrating). They come in many shapes and sizes, live in various environments, and have several different purposes. Chlorella is a nonmotile, large, unicellular alga, and Acetabularia is an even larger unicellular green alga. Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Singh, R. N. (1974) defined that the algae are by and large simple plants which display a spectrum of photosynthetic pigments and evolve oxygen during the process of photosynthesis. Evenly its one group called Green Algae is classified in to plant group due to maximum resembling characters with the. [30], Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles, such as mitochondria, a nucleus, and chloroplasts. Algae have a variety of life cycles. Organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms. Euglena are in a small group (less than 1000 species), that in the past was claimed by both zoologists (because they are mobile and some are heterotrophic) and by botanists (because some members photosynthesize). The definitions of algae as given by some phycologists are: 1. Subscribe to America's largest dictionary and get thousands more definitions and advanced searchad free! 3.2B). They are capable of growing and developing both in fresh and salt water aquatic ecosystems, as well as inloticecosystemsandlentic ecosystemsand even in humid terrestrial ecosystems. The algae are ubiquitous (present everywhere) in distribution, i.e., they are found in fresh water as well as marine water, on soil, on rock, as epiphytes or parasites on plants and animals, in hot springs, in desert, on permanent snow-fields etc. During sexual reproduction. The rhizopodial forms lack rigid cell wall and have cytoplasmic projections that help them in amoeboid movement, e.g., Chrysamoeba (Chrysophyceae, Fig. A larger, multicellular green alga is Ulva, also known as the sea lettuce because of its large, edible, green blades. definition. This website includes study notes, research papers, essays, articles and other allied information submitted by visitors like YOU. The size of these organisms challenges the idea that all cells are small, and they have been used in genetics research since Joachim Hmmerling (19011980) began to work with them in 1943. Sort of. There is no embryo formation in algae. 3.5C). They were considered fungi for many years, but scientists recently realized they were completely unrelated. The algae comprise of a large heterogeneous assemblage of plants which are diverse in habitat, size, organisation, physiology, biochemistry, and reproduction. Some forms, however, are chemoheterotrophic and obtain energy from chemical reactions and nutrients from preformed organic matter. So certain degree of division of labour among the cells of the filament is established as rest of the cells performs photosynthetic and reproductive functions. "What is the Largest Biological Cell? Algae are the basically gigantic, miscellaneous assemblage of Photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. Extremophiles are resistant to extremes of temperature or pH, and are specially adapted to live in places where multicellular organisms cannot survive. Progressive elimination of the prostrate system is observed in Draparnaldiopsis (Fig. Although much smaller, unicellular organisms can perform some of the same complex activities as multicellular organisms. Occurrence 5. Most multicellular organisms have a unicellular life-cycle stage. [7] Most prokaryotes have a single, circular chromosome, which is in contrast to eukaryotes, which typically have linear chromosomes. However, not all unicellular organisms are extremophiles. Algae can be multicellular or unicellular. Whittaker classified fungi in seven divisions. [5] Because of their simplicity and ability to self-assemble in water, it is likely that these simple membranes predated other forms of early biological molecules.[2]. [33] While protozoa reproduce mainly asexually, some protozoa are capable of sexual reproduction. [17], Hydrothermal vents release heat and hydrogen sulfide, allowing extremophiles to survive using chemolithotrophic growth. Photosynthetic forms contain a chloroplast. Some are completely harmless, but others can be parasitic and cause disease. In this branching system the whole thallus is differentiated into prostrate and erect system. Large, multicellular algae are called seaweeds but are not plants and lack plant-like tissues and organs. [40] Examples of such ciliates are Paramecium and Tetrahymena that likely employ meiotic recombination for repairing DNA damage acquired under stressful conditions. The smaller one is called micro- gamete which behaves as male and the larger one is called macrogamete which behaves as female. 3.2A). The evolution of sex reaches its climax in the heterothallic species of Rhodophyceae. Some species, such as the. Biology Dictionary. In non-motile form, the cells are without flagella, thereby the coenobium is non- motile, e.g., Scenedesmus (Fig. WebUnlike bacteria, algae are eukaryotes and, like plants, contain the green pigment chlorophyll, carry out photosynthesis, and have rigid cell walls. They can almost grow anywhere where water and sunlight are present. [13] Transformation is a bacterial process for transferring DNA from one cell to another, and is apparently an adaptation for repairing DNA damage in the recipient cell. Prokaryotes lack membrane-bound organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus. A unicellular organism is an organism that consists of a single cell. Amoebae have such great hunting skills because of their jellyfish-like tentacles called pseudopodia. Spermatia, the male gametes, are non-motile and developed singly in spermatangium, those are carried by water current to the trichogyne, the receptive region of the female sex organ the carpogonium. How do unicellular and multicellular organisms differ? 3.7A, B), or it may be multiaxial where more than one filament are involved (e.g., Polysiphonia, Fig. Also known asmicroalgae, unicellular algae constitute the largest group of algae that exist on the planet today (followed by multicellular algae or macroalgae). Others have red or orange pigments; when these organisms multiply at abnormally high rates, they cause the red tides., Previous Many plants multiply vegetatively, but they do not involve rejuvenation of the protoplasm. Explain with suitable example. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. When letters make sounds that aren't associated w One goose, two geese. In other groups the reproduction takes place by all the above three means, out of which asexual and sexual methods are very common. 2023 Course Hero, Inc. All rights reserved. "Understanding "green" multicellularity: do seaweeds hold the key? Their size ranges from a few micron to several metres. The second phase is diploid which have two chromosomal sets. and any corresponding bookmarks? Seaweeds can be red, brown, or green, depending on their photosynthetic pigments. 3. The Charaphyta are the most similar to land plants because they share a mechanism of cell division and an important biochemical pathway, among other traits that the other groups do not have. [27] They are the only known organisms capable of producing methane. Privacy Policy Which groups of algae are associated with harmful algal blooms? [11] Plasmids can carry genes responsible for novel abilities, of current critical importance being antibiotic resistance. [citation needed], The Amebozoa utilize pseudopodia and cytoplasmic flow to move in their environment. They have rigid cell walls containing agar or carrageenan, which are useful as food solidifying agents and as a solidifier added to growth media for microbes. Plant-like protists are called algae Examples of Plant-like Protists Those four types can then be divided into two groups: eukaryotic or prokaryotic organisms. grow on different bryophytes. The alpine and arctic mountains become red due to the growth of the Haemotococcous nivalis; green snow in Europe is due to the growth of Chlamydomonas yellowstonensis. For example, an early RNA replicator ribozyme may have replicated other replicator ribozymes of different RNA sequences if not kept separate. Division Pyrrophyta. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 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"algae", "algal blooms", "agar", "carrageenan", "showtoc:no", "license:ccby", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology" ], https://bio.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fbio.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FMicrobiology%2FMicrobiology_(OpenStax)%2F05%253A_The_Eukaryotes_of_Microbiology%2F5.04%253A_Algae, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Nonproteobacteria Gram-negative Bacteria and Phototrophic Bacteria, source@https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology, Explain why algae are included within the discipline of microbiology, Describe the unique characteristics of algae, Identify examples of toxin-producing algae, Compare the major groups of algae in this chapter, and give examples of each, Classify algal organisms according to major groups.